Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown

Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Young Goodman Brown In Young Goodman Brown, Nathaniel Hawthorne, through the use of deceptive imagery, creates a sense of uncertainty that illuminates the theme of mans inability to operate within a framework of moral absolutism. Within every man there is an innate difference between good and evil and Hawthornes deliberate use of ambiguity mirrors this complexity of human nature. Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown, is misled by believing in the perfectibility of humanity and in the existence of moral absolutes. According to Nancy Bunge, Hawthorne naturally centers his story upon a Puritan protagonist to convey the self-righteous that he regards as the antithesis of wisdom(4). Consequently, Young†¦show more content†¦This contrast is easily revealed in the following sentence: the wind tolled like a distant church-bell, and sometimes gave a broad roar around the traveler, as if all Nature were laughing him to scorn (Hawthorne 1204). Whereas the wind affectionately plays with Faiths pink ribbons, it noisily taunts Young Goodman Brown. Also, as Nina Baym suggests, both the wind and the pink ribbons may, in fact, provide concrete symbols that link the saving power of the woman with her body and through her body to Nature (138). Hawthorne visually enhances the ambiguity surrounding Faiths dual role in nature through his repetitive and symbolic use of the pink ribbons. There is deceit and uncertainty in the very color pink that exists somewhere between the extremes of white, representing grace and purity, and red, symbolizing fiery passion and sin. However, Young Goodman Brown, in his naà ¯ve belief of moral absolutes, is unable to decide upon the essentially complex double meaning that may be behind the very being of Faiths character. As a result, he sees Faith gracefully adorned with her pink ribbons, as the essence of angelic purity. Young Goodman Browns inability to acknowledge, and even embrace Faiths humanity, leads to the climatic loss of his faith in the forest. He beholds the pink ribbon that hasShow MoreRelated Ambiguity in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay1743 Words   |  7 PagesAmbiguity in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         There is no end to the ambiguity in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†; this essay hopes to explore this problem.    Peter Conn in â€Å"Finding a Voice in an New Nation† makes a statement regarding Hawthorne’s ambiguity:      Almost all of Hawthorne’s finest stories are remote in time or place. The glare of contemporary reality immobillized his imagination. He required shadows and half-light, and he sought a nervous equilibriumRead MoreEssay on The Ambiguity in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ambiguity in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†      Ã‚  Ã‚     The literary critics agree that there is considerable ambiguity in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† This essay intends to illustrate the previous statement and to analyze the cause of this ambiguity.    Henry James in Hawthorne, when discussing â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† comments on how imaginative it is, then mentions how allegorical Hawthorne is, and how allegory should be expressed clearly:    I frankly confess that I haveRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown:: Analyzing Browns Identity1190 Words   |  5 PagesIn the short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Nathaniel Hawthorne sets the locale of the story during the Salem witch trials at his convenience to include the Calvinist theme of sin, that belief in which formed the early history of New England’s social and spiritual identity. As a dark romantic, Hawthorne includes the elements of human nature, mysticism, good and evil, and one’s own spirituality to convey his message to the reader. However, it is left to the reader’s own digression to interpret his ambiguousRead More Essay on The Value of Dreams in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown723 Words   |  3 Pages Young Goodman Brown:nbsp; The Value of Dreams Young Goodman Brownnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Birthmarknbsp; nbsp;Nathaniel Hawthornes stories Young Goodman Brown and The Birthmark both make use of dreams to affect the story and reveal the central characters. With each story, the dreams presented are extremely beneficial to the development of the story as they give the reader a new view of the plot itself, or the characters within. At the same time, however, it becomes difficult to determineRead MoreThe Dichotomy of Self Reliance and Conformity1169 Words   |  5 Pages This was the Romanticism Period. An incredible number of miraculous masterpieces were contrived during this period of enlightenment, including Nathaniel Hawthorne’s dramatically thematic and ambiguous short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, as well as Ralph Waldo Emerson’s intriguingly influential and uplifting essay, â€Å"Self-Reliance†. Hawthorne’s writing aspires to implicate theories and themes about the reality of the world we liv e in and to illustrate our individual limitations through the art ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Young Goodman Brown Essay1932 Words   |  8 PagesMichael Sprute AP English Mrs. Berry 4 October 2016 Humanity is Destined to be Maple I. Introduction A. First paragraph of introduction 1. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a dark romantic short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne originally published in 1835. 2. Set in 17th century New England, Hawthorne utilizes this short story to convey his distaste for the Salem Witch Trials and his great-grandfather, John Hathorne’s participation as a judge. In addition, he demonstrates the Puritan idea that all humansRead MoreSymbolism in Writings of Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesMolineux, lead character, young Robin, comes to town with the expectation of a distant relative handing him a silver spoon. In this story Hawthorne uses the light and dark to represent good and evil. When Robin first arrives in town It was near nine oclock of a moonlight evening (584). In this description early on we see the contrast of light and dark combined. It is nine oclock and it is evening, however the light of the moon was shining. This shows the uncertainty of Robins journey earlyRead More Comparing the Use of Light and Dark by Melville, Poe, and Hawthorne3135 Words   |  13 Pagesoften clue us in by using differing degrees of lig ht. The presence of darkness and light is probably the most apparent in Hawthornes pieces, and Young Goodman Brown is an excellent example. The story starts off as Young Goodman Brown begins his trip into the forest, away from his wife, Faith. The first presence of light is in the first sentence: Young Goodman Brown came forth at sunset .... Now, there is light in the sun, but the significance lies in the fact that the sun is setting. TheRead MoreThe American Character Essay1814 Words   |  8 Pagesextinguished for the colonists to ignite the freedom that a democratic society provides. Irving’s keen writing exemplifies his historical insight in the tale â€Å"Rip Van Winkle.† Strong puritan beliefs are discussed in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s piece of 1835 â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† An important question rises that ignites more questions on the role of God versus the devil in how we live our lives, the choices we make, and our uncertain salvation. Do we look to God or succumb to the temptation of the devilRead More Timeline of American Literature and Events Essay3022 Words   |  13 Pagesextinguished for the colonists to ignite the freedom that a democratic society provides. Irving’s keen writing exemplifies his historical insight in the tale â€Å"Rip Van Winkle.† Strong puritan beliefs are discussed in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s piece of 1835 â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† An important question rises that ignites more questions on the role of God versus the devil in how we live our lives, the choices we make, and our uncertain salvation. Do we look to God or succumb to the temptation of the devil

Different Treatment Organizations in Prisons Free Essays

There are various treatment programs in prisons that I have discovered by contacting several organizations. I will described a wide range of programs offered to inmates that help target special needs such as education, behavioral change, spiritual awareness, vocational training, parenting classes, HIV prevention, and drug education. I will describe each treatment programs that I have found and discuss the purposes of each program. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Treatment Organizations in Prisons or any similar topic only for you Order Now A program called the Volunteer Prison Education Program was launched in July 1997 at the Rikers Island Prison. I called and spoke with Joan Bloomgarden, who described this program as a quality educational experience to inmates who would otherwise not have access to learning. This unique program involves volunteer educators to motivate inmates to help themselves, their families and one another to create a learning community within the prison system. The purpose of this program is to promote positive behavioral change, assist in prevention of crime, work cooperatively with prosecutors, and to actively involve the families of inmates in crime prevention. Courses offered are Child Development, Understanding Your Anger, Art Education in Prison: Toward Enhancing Self-Esteem, Conflict Resolution: Practical Exploration, Basic Understanding of Money Management, and Basic Eye Care. I contacted The Prison SMART Foundation Incorporated and spoke with Thomas Duffy, who was able to provide me information regarding their unique stress management and rehabilitative training program delivered to hardened criminals in U. S prisons. The purpose of this program is to teach the proper breathing techniques to help inmates reduce and manage their stress levels in order to help them think more clearly and to help them think about their actions. Taught by Prison SMART Foundation volunteers, this 6 to 10 day program utilizes advanced yoga breathing exercises and is based on the dynamic cleansing effects of the breath on the body and mind. As a result, they enjoy increased self-esteem and self-empowerment. Thousands who have completed the Prison SMART Foundation’s stress management programs are living proof. Prison administrators have reported that inmates who have participated in this program are easier to handle and exhibit less acting out in confrontational situations. I contacted the Prisoners for Christ Outreach Ministries based in Kirkland, WA, and spoke with Greg Von Tobel, to learn more information about programs offered to inmates. Prisoners For Christ services include: Church Services and Bible Studies, Two Year Bible Study Correspondence Course, One to One Visitation Outreach, Pen Pal Outreach, Special Projects Outreach, Literature, Heart to Heart Christmas Giving Program, Wives Outreach, Parent Outreach, Van Transportation Outreach, and Northwest Transitional Housing. The purposes of these services are to share the Gospel of Jesus Christ in the jails, prisons, and juvenile centers of the Northwest. In addition, Prisoners For Christ work with the men, women, and children who are incarcerated to become fully functioning, tax paying citizens and to assist their families. Statistics shows that last year alone, 16,326 inmates (men, women, and youth) attended these programs in 19 different institutions. About 6% of inmates made their first time commitments to the Lord Jesus Christ. I wanted to learn about several other types of treatment programs offered in prisons, so I contacted the California Department of Corrections. They have implemented several programs designed to benefit both the inmates and the public. I will briefly describe each of these programs and the purpose each one offers. The Joint Venture Program, opened its doors in 1991, where private employers can contract with the California Department of Corrections to set up their businesses on prison grounds and hire inmate workers at competitive wages. This gives inmates the ability to provide economical benefits such as providing restitution to victims, becoming taxpayers, paying support to families, compensate costs for their incarceration, and mandatory savings to provide funds after release from prison. The social benefits are the ability to develop good work habits, gain job experience, decrease inmate idleness, and to return to society motivated and skilled adults. The Mother Infant Program is designed to help mothers reestablish bonds with their children, teach them valuable skills, and prepare them to return to society as working adults. Parenting classes, pre-employment training, and drug education classes are offered to help build better parenting relationships and brighter futures for inmates while they serve their time. In parenting classes, they learn how to talk and relate to their children and how to discipline effectively. Both mothers and children may also receive counseling. In pre-employment training, they gain practical information about applying, landing and keeping a job. Since the majority of the mothers have had some sort of chemical dependency in the past, they also attend drug education classes. The classes are geared to keep them from returning to their old habits, make them aware of the dangers of drug addiction, and show them how drugs not only impair their lives, but especially their children†s. The California Conservation Camp Program intents to train and use inmates for conservation and development of natural resources. These conservation camps are located in some of the state’s most secluded wilderness areas. They provide a large force of trained crews for fire fighting, resource conservation, and emergency assignments as necessary. In addition to fire fighting, other tasks assigned to inmates are graffiti removal, reforestation, levee repair and flood control, pine bark beetle eradication and preservation, illegal dump site cleanup, wildlife habitat rehabilitation, and park and cemetery maintenance. During non-work hours inmates are involved in special projects such as repairing toys for disadvantaged children or on projects with the elderly or disabled. In some camps vocational training programs are available. In others, inmates work on a variety of special projects such as road construction and prison building, which allow them to still learn and strengthen skills. As they repay their debt to society, camp inmates provide a real economic benefit to local communities. In a typical year, they will work 2 million hours on fire fighting and fire prevention. They also will spend almost 6 million hours on conservation projects and community service activities. Those who successfully complete training at prison conservation centers in Northern and Southern California learn how their effectiveness and their lives depend upon discipline and teamwork. When the time comes for parole, inmates have been exposed to good work habits and teamwork in the camp setting. This exposure provides them with a purpose, goals, and a sense of accomplishment in doing a job well done. Computer refurbishing program, launched in 1994, was developed to refurbish used computers for California’s K-12 public schools. The California Department of Corrections trains inmates to refurbish donated computers then turns them over to the schools. Currently, the California Department of Corrections is responsible for 60 percent of all refurbished computers placed in California public schools. The donated computer equipment comes in various states of disrepair. Some computers are obsolete for business purposes, others need minor repair and still others can only be used for parts. In the first year, nearly 2,000 refurbished computers made their way to California classrooms. By the end of 1997, 13 prisons had refurbished more than 35,000 computers for California schools, saving them close to $33 million. Through this program, the inmates learn and practice skills that will help prepare them for a future outside prison. I contacted San Quentin State Prison, and spoke to Barry Zack, to find out about any treatment programs offered. One particular program called HIV Prevention Education is required for all men entering the prison. This program offered since 1986, is to help inmates see the personal side to HIV, increase perception of risk, increase knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and reduce the risk of HIV, STDs, hepatitis and tuberculosis in prison and after release. Since 1991, inmates have received comprehensive peer education training to work as peer educators. The training covers several topics such as public speaking techniques, awareness of alcohol and drugs and their impact on high-risk behaviors, HIV-related multi-cultural awareness, and HIV/AIDS in our society and in the world. About 40 peer educators are trained each year. After training, the peer educators conducts various services such as teaching an HIV prevention orientation class, providing individual counseling, and providing prevention case management. Two different programs are offered to inmates prior to their release from prison. One program is specifically for HIV + inmates and is offered as a two-week, 8 session intervention that includes such topics as self-esteem, health maintenance, community resources, stress management, substance use, legal issues, and barriers to care after release. The other program, conducted two weeks prior to an inmate†s release, offers individual sessions to discuss preventing, acquiring, or transmitting HIV after release from prison. Topics covered include using condoms, avoiding drug and alcohol use, and avoiding needle sharing. I contacted The Federal Bureau of Prisons where they currently operate 42 residential treatment programs with an annual capacity of over 6,000 participants. For the 30 percent of Federal inmates who have a history of moderate to severe substance abuse this program is able to provide drug treatment to all inmates who need it and are willing to accept it. This program offers inmates up to 500 hours of treatment, which focuses on individual responsibility and to deter future criminal behavior. The goal of this program is to help identify, confront, and alter their attitudes, values, and thinking patterns that led them to their criminal behavior and drug or alcohol use. This program includes sessions on Screening and Assessment, Treatment Orientation, Criminal Lifestyle Confrontation, Cognitive Skill Building, Relapse Prevention, Interpersonal Skill Building, and Wellness. I have found these treatment programs to be suitable and adequate. Each organization, I spoke with has concluded that these programs not only offers benefits to the individual but also to society as a whole. There are economic and social benefits that can be gained from these programs that I have just described. I have listed a wide range of programs that help target special needs for inmates that may help deter future criminal behavior. We need these programs to help rehabilitate these inmates while they are serving their time in jail. It has been stressed that jail alone cannot deter a criminal from reoffending. By providing these various programs to inmates, we can help them become drug-free, educated, hard-working individuals prior to being released from prison. Hopefully, whatever program an inmate has participated in can help change their behavioral patterns, which may help reduce the rate of recidivism. How to cite Different Treatment Organizations in Prisons, Papers Different Treatment Organizations in Prisons Free Essays There are various treatment programs in prisons that I have discovered by contacting several organizations. I will described a wide range of programs offered to inmates that help target special needs such as education, behavioral change, spiritual awareness, vocational training, parenting classes, HIV prevention, and drug education. I will describe each treatment programs that I have found and discuss the purposes of each program. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Treatment Organizations in Prisons or any similar topic only for you Order Now A program called the Volunteer Prison Education Program was launched in July 1997 at the Rikers Island Prison. I called and spoke with Joan Bloomgarden, who described this program as a quality educational experience to inmates who would otherwise not have access to learning. This unique program involves volunteer educators to motivate inmates to help themselves, their families and one another to create a learning community within the prison system. The purpose of this program is to promote positive behavioral change, assist in prevention of crime, work cooperatively with prosecutors, and to actively involve the families of inmates in crime prevention. Courses offered are Child Development, Understanding Your Anger, Art Education in Prison: Toward Enhancing Self-Esteem, Conflict Resolution: Practical Exploration, Basic Understanding of Money Management, and Basic Eye Care. I contacted The Prison SMART Foundation Incorporated and spoke with Thomas Duffy, who was able to provide me information regarding their unique stress management and rehabilitative training program delivered to hardened criminals in U. S prisons. The purpose of this program is to teach the proper breathing techniques to help inmates reduce and manage their stress levels in order to help them think more clearly and to help them think about their actions. Taught by Prison SMART Foundation volunteers, this 6 to 10 day program utilizes advanced yoga breathing exercises and is based on the dynamic cleansing effects of the breath on the body and mind. As a result, they enjoy increased self-esteem and self-empowerment. Thousands who have completed the Prison SMART Foundation’s stress management programs are living proof. Prison administrators have reported that inmates who have participated in this program are easier to handle and exhibit less acting out in confrontational situations. I contacted the Prisoners for Christ Outreach Ministries based in Kirkland, WA, and spoke with Greg Von Tobel, to learn more information about programs offered to inmates. Prisoners For Christ services include: Church Services and Bible Studies, Two Year Bible Study Correspondence Course, One to One Visitation Outreach, Pen Pal Outreach, Special Projects Outreach, Literature, Heart to Heart Christmas Giving Program, Wives Outreach, Parent Outreach, Van Transportation Outreach, and Northwest Transitional Housing. The purposes of these services are to share the Gospel of Jesus Christ in the jails, prisons, and juvenile centers of the Northwest. In addition, Prisoners For Christ work with the men, women, and children who are incarcerated to become fully functioning, tax paying citizens and to assist their families. Statistics shows that last year alone, 16,326 inmates (men, women, and youth) attended these programs in 19 different institutions. About 6% of inmates made their first time commitments to the Lord Jesus Christ. I wanted to learn about several other types of treatment programs offered in prisons, so I contacted the California Department of Corrections. They have implemented several programs designed to benefit both the inmates and the public. I will briefly describe each of these programs and the purpose each one offers. The Joint Venture Program, opened its doors in 1991, where private employers can contract with the California Department of Corrections to set up their businesses on prison grounds and hire inmate workers at competitive wages. This gives inmates the ability to provide economical benefits such as providing restitution to victims, becoming taxpayers, paying support to families, compensate costs for their incarceration, and mandatory savings to provide funds after release from prison. The social benefits are the ability to develop good work habits, gain job experience, decrease inmate idleness, and to return to society motivated and skilled adults. The Mother Infant Program is designed to help mothers reestablish bonds with their children, teach them valuable skills, and prepare them to return to society as working adults. Parenting classes, pre-employment training, and drug education classes are offered to help build better parenting relationships and brighter futures for inmates while they serve their time. In parenting classes, they learn how to talk and relate to their children and how to discipline effectively. Both mothers and children may also receive counseling. In pre-employment training, they gain practical information about applying, landing and keeping a job. Since the majority of the mothers have had some sort of chemical dependency in the past, they also attend drug education classes. The classes are geared to keep them from returning to their old habits, make them aware of the dangers of drug addiction, and show them how drugs not only impair their lives, but especially their children†s. The California Conservation Camp Program intents to train and use inmates for conservation and development of natural resources. These conservation camps are located in some of the state’s most secluded wilderness areas. They provide a large force of trained crews for fire fighting, resource conservation, and emergency assignments as necessary. In addition to fire fighting, other tasks assigned to inmates are graffiti removal, reforestation, levee repair and flood control, pine bark beetle eradication and preservation, illegal dump site cleanup, wildlife habitat rehabilitation, and park and cemetery maintenance. During non-work hours inmates are involved in special projects such as repairing toys for disadvantaged children or on projects with the elderly or disabled. In some camps vocational training programs are available. In others, inmates work on a variety of special projects such as road construction and prison building, which allow them to still learn and strengthen skills. As they repay their debt to society, camp inmates provide a real economic benefit to local communities. In a typical year, they will work 2 million hours on fire fighting and fire prevention. They also will spend almost 6 million hours on conservation projects and community service activities. Those who successfully complete training at prison conservation centers in Northern and Southern California learn how their effectiveness and their lives depend upon discipline and teamwork. When the time comes for parole, inmates have been exposed to good work habits and teamwork in the camp setting. This exposure provides them with a purpose, goals, and a sense of accomplishment in doing a job well done. Computer refurbishing program, launched in 1994, was developed to refurbish used computers for California’s K-12 public schools. The California Department of Corrections trains inmates to refurbish donated computers then turns them over to the schools. Currently, the California Department of Corrections is responsible for 60 percent of all refurbished computers placed in California public schools. The donated computer equipment comes in various states of disrepair. Some computers are obsolete for business purposes, others need minor repair and still others can only be used for parts. In the first year, nearly 2,000 refurbished computers made their way to California classrooms. By the end of 1997, 13 prisons had refurbished more than 35,000 computers for California schools, saving them close to $33 million. Through this program, the inmates learn and practice skills that will help prepare them for a future outside prison. I contacted San Quentin State Prison, and spoke to Barry Zack, to find out about any treatment programs offered. One particular program called HIV Prevention Education is required for all men entering the prison. This program offered since 1986, is to help inmates see the personal side to HIV, increase perception of risk, increase knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and reduce the risk of HIV, STDs, hepatitis and tuberculosis in prison and after release. Since 1991, inmates have received comprehensive peer education training to work as peer educators. The training covers several topics such as public speaking techniques, awareness of alcohol and drugs and their impact on high-risk behaviors, HIV-related multi-cultural awareness, and HIV/AIDS in our society and in the world. About 40 peer educators are trained each year. After training, the peer educators conducts various services such as teaching an HIV prevention orientation class, providing individual counseling, and providing prevention case management. Two different programs are offered to inmates prior to their release from prison. One program is specifically for HIV + inmates and is offered as a two-week, 8 session intervention that includes such topics as self-esteem, health maintenance, community resources, stress management, substance use, legal issues, and barriers to care after release. The other program, conducted two weeks prior to an inmate†s release, offers individual sessions to discuss preventing, acquiring, or transmitting HIV after release from prison. Topics covered include using condoms, avoiding drug and alcohol use, and avoiding needle sharing. I contacted The Federal Bureau of Prisons where they currently operate 42 residential treatment programs with an annual capacity of over 6,000 participants. For the 30 percent of Federal inmates who have a history of moderate to severe substance abuse this program is able to provide drug treatment to all inmates who need it and are willing to accept it. This program offers inmates up to 500 hours of treatment, which focuses on individual responsibility and to deter future criminal behavior. The goal of this program is to help identify, confront, and alter their attitudes, values, and thinking patterns that led them to their criminal behavior and drug or alcohol use. This program includes sessions on Screening and Assessment, Treatment Orientation, Criminal Lifestyle Confrontation, Cognitive Skill Building, Relapse Prevention, Interpersonal Skill Building, and Wellness. I have found these treatment programs to be suitable and adequate. Each organization, I spoke with has concluded that these programs not only offers benefits to the individual but also to society as a whole. There are economic and social benefits that can be gained from these programs that I have just described. I have listed a wide range of programs that help target special needs for inmates that may help deter future criminal behavior. We need these programs to help rehabilitate these inmates while they are serving their time in jail. It has been stressed that jail alone cannot deter a criminal from reoffending. By providing these various programs to inmates, we can help them become drug-free, educated, hard-working individuals prior to being released from prison. Hopefully, whatever program an inmate has participated in can help change their behavioral patterns, which may help reduce the rate of recidivism. How to cite Different Treatment Organizations in Prisons, Essay examples

Computer Industry Business Strategy of HP

Question: Discuss the business strategy of HP in computer industry. Answer: Introduction: Hewlett-Packard Company or HP is a multinational computer hardware and software corporate organization also providing IT services and consulting ("About HP", 2016). The company headquarter is in California, the United States of America and the present CEO is Meg Whitman. The company was founded in the year 1935 when it initially manufactures electronic test equipment. Walt Disney was one of its initial customers. In the 1970s, the company first started to manufacture computers for business servers, which were commonly used in ATM and petrol stations. In the 1990s, the management expanded its computer line targeting the university and school students and business houses. In 2001, the company merged with Compaq, which helped HP to become the market leader regarding laptop, desktop and server manufacturer. From 2007to2013, HP retained its position as No. 1 regarding sales of personal computers. It operates across globally in more than 170 countries and has a revenue flow of billion doll ars yearly. HP is ranked as 44th amongst the Fortune Global 500 companies. The core business of HP is managing large-scale business projects, and the organization depends greatly on project management to generate preferred outcome. Organizational Structure and Governance: According to scholars, organizational structure, and the controls, it has in the process affects the performance of the organization (Porter, 2008). Once, the organization's strategy does not match with the structure and controls, the performance of the organization decreases. The present CEO of HP is Meg Whitman and the board of directors has twelve members and has four standing committees: CSR, IT and finance committee, HR and audit. The purpose of the board members is to determine the power, duties, and responsibilities delegated to the committees. HPs boards of directors are responsible for the management of the business process. The Boards function is to supervise the management and governance of the HP and to keep an eye on senior managements performance. The company aims to build a sustainable business environment where stakeholders are brand loyal, which will help in brand sustainability. The IT giant plans to gain the trust of its stakeholders by implementing integrity, resp ect, and fairness in the business process. According to the company website, all members who are parts of HP (employee and board of directors) are bound to follow the Standards of Business Conduct set as per company policy. The organization follows a set of ethics within the organization as well as with customers and suppliers. The IT giant encourages stakeholders to be communicating with the management and bring notice to issues that do not seem right or ethical. The organization maintains confidentiality about stakeholders and their information. HPs Corporate Governance Guidelines strictly followed, revised, and updated regularly. To support the Board in gratifying its responsibilities for usually supervision and management of HPs public affairs, especially about the policies and processes involving to HPs public policy and government activities. HP maintains high standards of confidentiality and secrecy about the information of its stakeholders. The organization only shares sensi tive and confidential information outside of the company only with certified authorities and have to sign a confidential disclosure agreement. All, HP products and services are sold only through HP authorized dealers and suppliers in diverse geographical locations maintaining local governance and policies. HP is regarded as one of the most socially responsible corporate house, and it has designed and manufactured products, which are reusable and recyclable (Www8.hp.com, 2016). The company is also planning to reduce usage of energy resources, water, and other resources where possible. The company maintains strict guidelines and standards that are to be maintained by its partners and suppliers. If any partners or suppliers fails to meet the quality standard or violates the guidelines, their licenses are canceled without any notice. In 2012, HP ranked second in the Greenpeace International ranking. Competitive Advantage of HP: The world economy is experiencing an enormous growth and development as well competitiveness among the business organization. Information Technology industry is one of the fastest growing and competitive sectors (Bharadwaj et al., 2013). Therefore, to sustain in this competition, a business organization needs to create sustainable value for the stakeholders for stronger and effective market presence (Wagner Hollenbeck, 2014). As the IT business sector continues to accelerate and customers are becoming more demanding and refined, business organizations are experiencing the competitive landing spectacularly shifting. The HP is constantly working and investing in its research and development department for new and innovative developments in products and services. It has the ability and has sustainably maintained the competitive advantage in the thriving it sector. Ease in the process including the services initiating from printers, desktops, after sales services, software and IT infras tructure for customers usability. The management has always maintained a corporate culture on incorporation and strengthening from significant opposites position. The functional aspect of this application is, utilizing the advantages of the approaches tackling related risks, and there is another way the competitive advantage of HP Company is through developing cross-functional individuals (Goetsch Davis, 2014). The human resource department hires individuals, who are highly productive and the individual has to work in more than 4 to 5 departments within the organization to the better understanding of organization's culture, objective, and competencies. HP effectively manages the knowledge within the organization which helps in cutting down on product cost. The organization believes in the development of workforce bring productive change in the company's performance (Kaynak et al., 2013). Moreover, HP has always highlighted and strengthens importance on quality maintained in their p roducts and services. The quality of products and services of HP has always put forward in accordance to its competitors. In 2016, HP joined the RE 100 to commit to 100% renewable electricity at the business process, proposing in the transformation of the global energy market. HP is continuously developing, implementing and scaling programs and societal investments to help transformation making simplifying how people live and work. For instance, in 2014, the company committed to reducing greenhouse grass from its production process by 2020. That made HP the only IT organization to have committed GHG emission reduction from its process. To provide better protection and security to its employees and staffs, HP has introduced Foreign Migrant Worker Standard for employees working overseas as well as domestic. Leadership in HP: Effective leadership in an organization assists to guide during recession and turmoil times. Successful leadership is capable of influencing others, makes decisions in day-to-day business activities in business, and has the vision for long-term organizations goals and objective (Senge, 1991). The significant feature of strategic leadership is shared value and vision to lead. In cooperation of which will facilitate and let human resources to formulate decisions with minimum proper monitoring or organized system. If properly implemented an organization will have more time and a greater ability to focus on other business activities, and face unprepared and sudden issues and challenges, such as adjusting the visualization to improving the business environment (House et al., 2013). As well, strategic leadership will include farsighted and managerial leadership by at the same time allowing for risk-taking and rationality. Briefly, managerial leaders require to regulate and constancy and to be capable of managing the feature of the job being performed. Mostly, these leaders have no private involvement towards identifying and setting objectives as motivational tools, and they may have complexity presentation understanding when commencing with staff (Rothaermel, 2015). Hp is a multinational business organization, with the diverse market and human resource, needs an effective strategic leadership to sustain its strategic position in the competitive it sector. The present CEO Meg Whitman was appointed in the succession of Leo Apotheker by the board of directors, and Ray Lane became Executive Chairman (Www8.hp.com, 2016). Mrs. Whitman announced to continue the strategy of the organization but revising the PC division. She has been well known for her job roles in the IT sector. However, the overall view of the staffs of HP was demoralized and skeptical by her appointment. According to her, managing top management and bottom management is not difficult, but the middle management creates many challenges for a CEO. Whitman also stated that a company should not over emphasize on the shortcomings rather concentrate and improve the existing potential resources. One of the most important decisions taken by the Whitman leadership is that, in November 2015, HP decided to split into two companies, HP Inc., and Hewlett-Packard Enterprise. Conclusion: The information technology is fast evolving with new and innovative advancements. The completion in the market is ever rising with new market players emerging and rising awareness and sophistication of customers regarding technology and services. To meet the customers demand and gain the competitive advantage in the IT sector a business organization should be adaptable to change and innovative in its product and services. HP has been a market leader in the business servers and personal computers and desktops. The company is facing some recent challenges regarding the market competition and economic stress. The management of the organization has taken steps to confront the challenges and retain its sustainability and market position. Reference: About HP | HP United Kingdom. (2016). Www8.hp.com. Retrieved 3 June 2016, from https://www8.hp.com/uk/en/hp-information/index.html Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O. A., Pavlou, P. A., Venkatraman, N. (2013). Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights.Mis Quarterly,37(2), 471-482. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Hill, C., Jones, G. (2012).Strategic Management Cases: An Integrated Approach. Cengage Learning. House, R. J., Dorfman, P. W., Javidan, M., Hanges, P. J., de Luque, M. F. S. (2013).Strategic leadership across cultures: GLOBE study of CEO leadership behavior and effectiveness in 24 countries. Sage Publications. Kaynak, E., Fulmer, R. M., Keys, J. B. (2013).Executive development and organizational learning for global business. Routledge. Living Progress | Hewlett Packard Enterprise. (2016). Www8.hp.com. Retrieved 3 June 2016, from https://www8.hp.com/us/en/hpe/hp-information/livingprogress/index.html Porter, M. E. (2008).Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. Simon and Schuster. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Senge, P. M. (1991). The fifth discipline, the art and practice of the learning organization.Performance+ Instruction,30(5), 37-37. Wagner III, J. A., Hollenbeck, J. R. (2014).Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge.

It Seems That There Is An Ever-increasing Trend In Our Society. Big Co

It seems that there is an ever-increasing trend in our society. Big corporations are becoming more and more influential in our lives. As they gain more and more muscle in our government they also invade our schools and many other facets of our lives. Perhaps the most disturbing area of potential influence, however, is corporate control of the media. Can the American media uphold its values of free press under pressure from big corporations? Can they continue to present the absolute truth? The simple answer, especially in my opinion, is no. The movie The Insider provides us with an excellent case to back that point of view. Perhaps one of the biggest stories of this decade has been the tobacco industry. We saw them stand before Congress and tell the world that cigarettes were not addictive. The industry was able to lawyer its way out of trouble time and time again. They essentially used legal maneuvers, and certainly money, to keep the truth from the American people. Finally, we saw all that come to an end. When Jeff Wigand decided it was time to tell the truth, he put everything he valued at risk. He stood to loose his family, any chance at a job, and quite possibly his life. He knew all these things and still he went on, because he thought he could make a difference. He knew that his testimony would never be heard in a court of law, so where could he turn. The answer: the fourth and fifth estates, or the press and television. Every night millions of Americans sit down and watch the nightly news or read the paper. We know that we will be told all the days news, that we will be educated about what is happening in the world around us. We also know that we will be updated on issues that we care about as individuals and a society. Another delivery mechanism for information is television magazine shows like 60 Minutes. People know that when Mike Wallace talks to them, they should listen. They can also look at his reputation and know that he is telling the truth. Wigand put faith in that fact. Wigand agreed to do an interview with 60 Minutes because he knew that people would listen. He knew that the absolute truth would finally be out in the open, and that it would come from a source that people would believe. He risked everything because he had faith in the media and journalists. What happened next is, quite frankly, disgraceful. When the tobacco industry, specifically the company B&W learned that CBS intended to air the interview, they began to lean on the CBS corporate office. They threatened lawsuits that could quite possibly mean that B&W would end up owning CBS. There were other factors as well. Westinghouse was about to purchase CBS. That meant that corporate managers stood to make lots of money. A lawsuit with B&W could have easily made Westinghouse pull out of the deal, and people would loose money. Essentially the whole situation came down to an issue of money. CBS News decided not to air the story. It is quite obvious that they did not make that decision based upon any journalistic issues. They were being leaned on by the corporate office, which was looking at dollar signs. CBS News was setting aside the truth for money, something it never should have even considered doing. Than goodness that Lowell Bergman was there to stop the lunacy. He correctly pointed out that the CBS corporate office had no right to tell CBS News what stories it could and could not air. The truth is the truth, no matter who it damages. Bergman embarked on a crusade to see that the whole story was aired. Eventually CBS did air the entire interview. The only did so after receiving sharp criticism in The New York Times. The Washington Post, also showed that the smear campaign that CBS was using as justification for not airing the story, was nothing more than trumped up charges. CBS was left looking quite nasty, and decided to show the interview. The whole point is that business has no right to decide what is news. They have no right to come and stop a

Staffing policies

Staffing policies Introduction Big business plans, which MNEs implement to preserve aggressiveness, are meant to be coming up in concurrence with their human resource branches (Lengnick-Hall and Lengnick-Hall, 1988: Schuler and MacMillan. 1984; Tichy, Fombrun and Devanna. 1982).Multinational enterprises operate in more than 25 countries globally and most of them have experienced a steadily rising growth over the last decade.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Staffing policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The 25 MNEs at the apex of the triangle had sales within the range of US$ 55 to US$ 175 billion in the year of 1994 alone. Most of these giant MNEs are now changing the flow of their production operations and sales and channeling them nearer to their global markets which are already widespread. Therefore, their local sales-sales within the country in which they are based- are much lower in comparison to their sales in the internatio nal market. A good example of such an MNE is IBM. It can be proven that this theory holds water considering their large shares of corporate profit. A major upshot to the placement of manufacturing operations and sales outside the mother nation is that expatriates are given obligations within the realm of vital positions in global entities. In the past times, the home nation was the pilot of such activities and the flow came from them to the multiparty business enterprises and international contributors. To illustrate this, decades ago there was one MNE that had exceeded the 40,000 mark in terms of administrators and members of staff at the same point in time. Conversely, rising figures of MNEs are engaging in intra section relocations so as to develop professions plus additional functions or they are utilizing nationals from the a third state as personnel in foreign subsidiaries, or are transferring important personnel from their alien activities (inpatriates) aboard to the main shi p which in this case is their company headquarters (Peterson, Sargent, Napier Shim, 1996). Any international enterprise has to take the staffing process seriously. This is because any global issue has to be caused by people or will ultimately be solved by people. Thus, for international corporate growth, it is mandatory to have the right personnel at the right location and at the right moment in time. Expatriate malfunction is a common phenomenon, as the international literature points out.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Often, the impact is much less on native businesses as compared to international businesses when there is cost stoppage in human and financial sectors. Losing the market share and dents to international customer connections are some of the factors to be pinpointed. One recurring problem for MNEs is the Shortage of international administrators. A survey conducted on 440 in European Enterprises highlighted that shortage of global administrators was a thorn in the flesh to expansion of MNEs outside their native nations and approximately one-third of the managers interviewed confessed that it wasn’t easy getting administrators who had the required understanding. The survey also highlighted that the success of implementing a global policy is heavily reliant on the sufficient supply of international managers with the technical know-how (Scullion, 1994).To affirm this, there’s developing literature that says there has to be a connection amid intercontinental corporate and human resource management policies that are valid to expatriate personnel in alien subsidiaries. Ethnocentric Staffing Policy The term Ethnocentricity or ethnocentrism can be defined as believing that one’s ethnic group is better than the rest. The Company operates under the rationale that Parent Country Nationals (PCNs) are actually more qua lified, experienced and trustworthy than personnel in alien nations. Recruting subsidiaries with expatriates in key administrative positions consolidate the mother-company to be in charge of decision making more than when subsidiaries are managed by host-state citizens. (Egelhoff, 1988; Kobrin, 1988).It is normally used where there is shortage of local administrative expertise and also where there is need for the company to maintain very close relations with its headquarters. Also widespread in business enterprises that are coming up and when odd technical skills are required which are nowhere to be found in the labour force of the native nation (Tung and Punnett, 1993). Companies would also rather use it when the business is configured in the order of a consolidated move toward globalization and is chiefly at the global step of tactical expansion (Deresky, 2002; Biscoe and Schuler, 2004; Scullion and Linehan, 2005; Hill, 2003;).Advertising We will write a custom essay sampl e on Staffing policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Its advantages are that the skill curvature effects draw from standardized production. The enterprise manufactures in the native nation initially and channels its competency to the host country under the supervision of expatriate directors. The administrators in this case posses the expertise to generate value via experts at the hub. Furthermore, they ensure throw in to the continuation of the business culture. Some of the disadvantages include; host nation citizens are deprived of progress and this translates to alien nationals showing antipathy towards the company (Deresky, 2002). It also paints a bad picture of the firm to the public. It is also very costly to keep expatriate administrators. This makes them have a narrow-minded approach and exposes them to cultural shortsightedness (Hill, 2003). The consequence of that is the administration failing to notice market niche chances. sev eral investigations prove that subsidiaries, even when supervised by expatriates, possess corporate cultures tilting towards their own nations cultures rather than that of the mother company (Lee and Larwood,1983).Nowadays, this approach among the biggest internal hazards to any firm (Keegan, 1999). Polycentric Staffing Policy Polycentricity or polycentrism is the belief that the natives understand their environment better than the aliens and therefore key positions are given to Host Country Managers (HCNs). This method is likely to be used when a multidomestic policy is being put into action. Host citizens evolve into administrators in their own state, but their own careers are stagnated as they are never able to arrive at the apex. There is little anxiety in polycentric corporations for a common corporate culture (Heenan and Perlmutter, 1979). This approach has a composite organizational arrangement thus requiring the so much communication and incorporation that transverse state b orders (Edstrom and Galbraith, 1977). Advantageous in that the company anticipates optimum profits via elasticity since native administrators are bound to respond quickly to market requirements in the areas such as costing, manufacture, product life cycle and politics. Problems linked with expatriate administrators such as cultural shortsightedness are minimal guarantees stability in managing alien subordinates (Deresky, 2002). Moreover, the communities accept HCNs regardless of their location-both within and outside the subsidiary- plus other rising mobile staff look up to them (Deresky, 2002; Biscoe and Schuler, 2004; Scullion and Linehan, 2005; Hill, 2003; Ball, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Disadvantages are: Synergy is lacking as a result of poor communication amid state entities. Corporate headquarters are sometimes segregated from state entities and amalgamation becomes an uphill task. Eventually, this translates to sluggishness within the corporation. Familiarity of host citizens is limited to their state (Deresky, 2002). Geocentric Staffing Policy Geocentricity or geocentrism is the perception with the intention that the most qualified people should be given the job in spite of their nationality. The benefits of using this kind of policy are: The Corporation derives maximum utility from its human resources and puts together a group of professionals that can work with any ethnicity. It has been by mostly European corporations (Deresky, 2002; Biscoe and Schuler, 2004; Scullion and Linehan, 2005; Hill, 2003 ;). It balances demands from both Ethnocentric and polycentric approaches and ensures the firms operations are successful. Ethnocentric demand for low cost homoge nized activities is fulfilled as a result of sufficient typology of merchandise for the international consumer base to allow for balanced financial systems and understanding of curve effects. The polycentric stress for native response is also attained for the simple reason that the desire to congregate the discrete features that remains in all markets. The negative effect of this policy is that it is very costly to put into operation considering the necessities such as substantial cross-cultural education and expansion. Besides, it may possibly be converse to host nations need for the citizens to be given jobs by the corporation. Regiocentric Staffing Policy Regiocentricity can be defined as the disparity of staffing policy to ensemble specific geographic regions. It gives rise to a blend of TCNs, PCNs and HCNs in concurrence with the strategies for produced goods services or the corporate needs (Deresky, 2002; Biscoe and Schuler, 2004). The positive consequences of using this kind of approach are that it if a corporation wants to shift from an ethnocentric or polycentric policy to a geocentric policy; it acts as an aid. Secondly, the approach diversified to go well with the character of the corporate production and policy of the product. Thirdly, it permits managers to work together following inter-regional relocations, and lastly, it illustrates a little compassion to local situations. Choice of staffing policy As mentioned before, a connection can be illustrated between the globalization policy being tracked and the staffing policy being put into practice by most of the MNEs (Deresky, 2002; Hill, 2003). It obviously follows that corporations pursuing an international policy are likely to use an ethnocentric staffing strategy, corporations pursuing a multidomestic policy are likely to use a polycentric staffing strategy and corporations pursuing a transnational or global policy are likely to use a geocentric staffing strategy. These relationships can be exp ounded as follows: If an MNE is attempting to generate its worth through reassigning competencies at the hub to an alien operation, as corporations pursuing an international strategy are, it may accept as true that the superlative technique to get this done is by relocating PCNs who have comprehended that competency to the alien operation. If a corporation seeks to relocate a competency which is a hub in marketing to an alien subsidiary devoid of propping up the relocation of home-nation marketing administration personnel, the gimmick is likely to fail to yield the expected gains since the information underlying competency at the hub cannot be effortlessly expressed and put in black and white (Hill, 2003). As highlighted above, Corporations that have an interest in multi domestic policies yearn for the ultimate local reactions. Such corporations engage in widespread customization of their merchandise offers and consequently their marketing policies to be in rhythm with diverse natio nal conditions. If a firm wants to be localized there are undisputed benefits to recruiting HCNs. Such administrators are in touch with the local environment and culture and usually have many contacts already established. Moreover, the populace is bent on accepting HCNs both within and outside the subsidiary plus rising mobile staff look up to them for guidance (Deresky, 2002; Hill, 2003). Geocentric Staffing policies allows a company to milk its human resources for whatever its worth and essentially, enables a company to build a team of professionals who fit like a glove within any ethnicity. This is usually the pioneer level onto establishing a stable culture that unites everyone and an unofficial administration system, which are both needed for transnational strategies. In recent times, a number of critics have argued that the types of policies explained here are so straightforward that they make it tricky to comprehend the internal segregation of organizational practices contain ed by international businesses despite the fact that they are acknowledged and extensively exercised among both practitioners and intellectuals of international companies (See Table 1). The following variables influence the choice of staffing policies to be used by an MNE: First, the policy and the composition of the venture. Secondly factors associated with the subsidiary in question, for instance the time frame of the meticulous alien activity, the kind of machinery brought into play and the basic marketing and manufacturing procedures. Thirdly, factors linked to the host nation state also have a role, for instance the level of economic and technological growth, stable political atmosphere, directives considering tenure and personnel and socio-cultural situation. Conclusion In conclusion, staffing deals precisely with the purchase, orientation and allotment of human resources in a company. Within both the local and the global perspective, the staffing procedure is projected as a s eries of levels that are implemented on a recurring basis to ensure that the organization has proper personnel at any given time frame. The levels involved in this procedure are: Human resource planning which is a section of the organization’s strategic plan, recruitment, selection, orientation and induction, training to develop job skills, development to inform natives further than the requirements of their present situation, performance evaluation, compensation and rewards, reassignments and severance. In an international venture, the administration of the steps relies heavily on Company’s approach and the staffing policy that will be chosen to chosen to support that strategy. There are basically four choices of policies that a company can choose to put into practice: the ethnocentric policy, the polycentric policy, the geocentric policy and the regiocentric policy. The Variables that will influence the choice of the above variables are the policy and the composition of the venture, factors associated with the subsidiary in question, the kind of machinery brought into play and the basic marketing and manufacturing procedures. Factors linked to the host nation state also play an important role, for instance the level of economic and technological growth, stable political atmosphere, directives considering tenure and personnel and socio-cultural situation. References Ball, D.A., McCulloh, Jr., W.H., Frantz, P.L., Geringer, J.M. Minor, M.S. (2006) International business: The challenges of global competition. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Briscoe, D.R. Schuler, R.S. (2004) International human resource management London: Routledge Taylor Francis Group. Deresky, H. (2002). International management: Managing across borders and cultures Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall Egeihoff. W. G. (1988) Organizing the Multinational Enterprise: An Information Processing Perspective Cambridge, MA: Ballinger. Heenan D.A., and Perlmutter H.V.(1979),Multinational Or ganization Development Reading, MA: Addison-Welsey, pp.18-19. Hill, C.W.L. (2003) International business: Competing in the global marketplace. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Kobrin, S. J. (1988) Expatriate Reduction and Strategic Control in American Multinational Corporations, Human Resource Management, 27: 63-75. Lee, Y. and Larwood, L. (1983) The Socialization of Expatriate Managers in Multinational Firms, Academy of Management Journal. 26: 657-65. Peterson, R. B., Sargent, J., Napier, N. K., Shim,W.S. (1996). Corporate expatriate HRM policies, internationalization and performance in the world’s largest MNCs. Management International Review, 36 (3): 215 (16p). Scullion, H. Linehan, M. (2005) International human resource management: A critical text, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Schuler, R. S. and MacMillan, L.C. (1984) Gaining Competitive Advantage through Human Resource Management Practices, Human Resource Management. 23: 241-55. Tung, R. L. and Punnett, B. J. (1993) Resea rch in International Human Resource Management’. In Wong-Rieger, D. and Rieger, F. (eds) International Management Research: Looking to the Future. Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 3553. Appendix Sources: Heenan D.A., and H.V. Perlmutter, 1979; Multinational Organization Development Reading, MA: Addison-Welsey, pp.18-19.

Research Paper Proposal

Research Paper Proposal Research Paper Proposal Research Paper Proposal Regardless of your career, in the future you will need be able to identify and formulate problems precisely, clearly solve them and distinctly present their findings (for example, in the analytical notes that you will be force to write for your boss) . You can learn basic writing rules by faithfully writing research paper in college. So, by definition, research paper writing is a kind of training with the elements of an independent scientific study. It is aimed at building skills to seek and to understand information that goes beyond the list of obvious facts as well as competently and clearly expounding the findings. Research paper writers usually choose research paper topics they are familiar with.   This approach has its own pros and cons. The benefits are obvious: the task is to produce final research paper easily - a great thing for the senior student, as a rule. However, here you can be surrounded by some traps. First, there is no guarantee that you will be able to write all research paper under the direction of the same adviser. This means that each "piece" of research paper will be written in accordance to the understanding and the requirements of the involved person, and these "pieces" can be totally incompatible. Secondly, you can simply be tired with the chosen research paper topic, or it will lose practical significance (for example, your potential employers would like to see another study perform by you). By choosing to write on different research paper topics, you could suddenly find yourself fascinated by something different that will play a critical role in your acad emic or professional career. That is why, as already mentioned above, it is not worth to resist if the scientific adviser gives you research topic or proposes a specific task that is not easy. Research Paper Help Prior to research paper writing, visit college libraries, and make the full list of books that may be useful for your college research paper topic. In order to reach the best literature on research paper "British foreign policy in the second half of XIX century," you should pay attention to: General section "British History". The section "History of Great Britain second half of XIX century". The section "History of international relations: the second half of XIX century." .com A good research paper proposal cannot be written in a rush.   Unfortunately, most of the students lack time to devote to research paper writing.   We offer you a solution - order custom research paper writing at our site and we will deliver custom written essay prior to deadline!  Our blog with writing tips is free and easy to use!

On book ( ideas and opinions) by Albert einstein Essay

On book ( ideas and opinions) by Albert einstein - Essay Example Religion is the endeavor of mankind to be thoroughly and clearly conscious of religious values and goals and expand their influence (Einstein 46). There has been an argument over the last century that conflict between knowledge and belief cannot be reconciled. Belief that does not depend on knowledge should be opposed. The school has played a significant role in providing knowledge to open ones way of thinking. Through clear thinking and understanding, we can be able to support convictions. Science teaches us how facts relate to each other or how they condition one another. One should use knowledge in the most complete and transparent approach to achieve goals of human aspirations. Intelligent thoughts play a role in the formulation of goals and moral judgments. It makes interrelation of ends means clear thus leading to fundamental and ultimate ends. Religion plays an extremely vital role in making clear the essential ends and valuations and setting them in the emotional life of a person. Authority of fundamental ends exists as powerful traditions in a healthy society. They come into existence through revelation via the medium of powerful personalities (Einstein 49). The Jewish-Christian religious tradition gives us the principles for ones judgments and aspirations. The tradition gives a firm basis of ones valuations and aspirations. Unfortunately, we can only get it inadequately with ones weak powers. The function of education is to promote a young person develop with fundament principles of science and religion. This will help them look for substance and not the form (Einstein 51). When we compare the above principles with life and spirit of ones times, we realize that we civilized are in danger. This has arises since the rulers are the ones striving to crush the spirit of humanity. Oppression of individuals, nationalism, and intolerance are the one that threaten to choke the cherished traditions (Einstein

International relation&the 2003 Intervention in Iraq Case Study

International relation&the 2003 Intervention in Iraq - Case Study Example There was no the mandate of the United Nations; it was a policy that was used by the US administration to destabilize Saddam Hussein’s government. Consequently, when George Bush took office in 2001, he was determined to accomplish what his predecessor had started. President Bill Clinton had authorized the $97 million military aid to the Iraq opposition forces to topple Saddam Hussein and install the democratic government (Popular Social Science 1). After the first Gulf War in Iraq both the Clinton and the Bush administrations hoped that the imposition of economic sanctions and the no-flight zones in Iraq would result in a palace revolution by members of Saddam’s own Baath regime (Popular Social Science 1). This was not U.N. policy, however, but Washington’s own unilateral intention was to overthrow the regime in Baghdad and install a democracy in Iraq. From the above phenomena, we can depict that the second Bush Administration did not follow the channels of the United Nations to launch war; because there were concerns the deal could not be vetoed due to humanitarian concerns and could hinder the big plans right from the Clinton Administration. Additionally, in 2002 the Congress and the Senate of the United States had passed a resolution that gave the president more powers to invade any country without the mandate of the United Nations (Popular Social Science 1). From the above statement, it gives a clear picture the congress and the Senate were main bodies that empowered the Second Bush Administration to declare war without the authorization of the United Nations. Additionally, by 2002 the US was speaking in one voice on matters of foreign policy, thus, Bush used the proxy endorsement of the resolution of the congress and the senate to the launch war against Saddam Hussein. The United States is likely to attack another country unilaterally because there was a declaration made in1992 by the Department of the United States Defense. In this

Community College Students Essay Example for Free

Community College Students Essay Often times, community college students are depicted by the public and the media as â€Å"not smart enough† or â€Å"not capable. † For example, just recently I was at Barnes and Noble and as I was looking for a book the sales associate approached me. She asked me if I needed help then asked me what school I attended, when I told her that I go to Fullerton College her attitude changed. She asked me if I didn’t go to a four year university because of my grades, when I told her that, that wasn’t the reason she went on ranting that I need to do good in school and I shouldn’t be at a community college. It seems that the public look down on the students at community college. When watching the show, â€Å"Blue Mountain State,† you have a group of friends that happen to be on the universities football team. On the show is portrays the typical university life and the football players engage in heavy drinking, drugs and lots of sex. If a four university is offering that then what is so good about going to one? Often times you hear about crazier parties thrown by universities rather than community colleges. Universities are supposed to be prestigious but these huge parties are throwing them off. Many times the public says that community college is no good because of its parties with drugs, they say that’s why no students should aim for community colleges but statistics say that universities throw the biggest parties. Who are the bad guys now? Recent talk on the website collegeconfidential. om, students talk about how their parents do not want their kids to go to a community college. This is a website for real people with answers from people who have had the experiences. A student just recently posted that his parents did not want him to go to a community college because they are no good. Many people were quick to respond to his post, most of the people who replied were adults who have had the experience, even some professors, and they told him that community college is not bad at all. The responders replied by saying that ommunity college has great professors and are cheaper than a four year university. Of course at a four year university you will get a bit better education, but for those who cannot afford the fees it is great for them. For example, a user , â€Å"NTKTOP,† posted this comment. â€Å"My parents say that they suck and that theyre going to kick me out of the house if I go to one. † This student sees nothing wrong with community college but his parents do, then this is what one San Diego State University graduate had to say, â€Å"I dont think theyre bad. Of course, it depends on the school you choose and professor you get, but thats the same of any traditional school. CC can be a good jumping board for some people. No matter where you go, you will find easy professors but in my experience CC is a not a bad choice. † This is my second semester in a community college; so far everything has been going good. The professors I have had are not very difficult but do not give easy grades. Last semester I had a Spanish class that was for advanced speakers but there were some things that did not click in my mind. My professor would stay with me after class to try and help me to better understand the material. This semester my math class has tutors that they offer for free. I take advantage of these resources because they are free and the professors are willing to help me out without any problem. The stories I hear from my friends in community college are that they have teachers that care for the student’s education; they do not give easy grades just because we are in community college. Many professors want to further our knowledge and prepare us for our transfer to a university. No matter where you go, you will get a great education. The United States is known worldwide for its prestigious schools. A big part has to come from the students, if the student is willing to put in the time, dedication and effort their possibilities are endless. So far, community college has been a great experience for me. I have great professors who are always able to help out. The media tries to pick on community colleges but in reality, it is a great choice in this economy. Many students that leave a four year university have a huge debt to pay because of loans. Many students choose community college because it is a fraction of the cost of a university. I do not think it is fair when parents judge community colleges as bad; you can get a good education for a very affordable price. You can go to a community college such as Fullerton College, which has great professors, to get your general education classes out of the way for a low price then transfer to a four year university to mainly focus on your degree classes.

Elizabeth Bishops Poem Filling Station Essays -- Elizabeth Bishop Fil

Elizabeth Bishop's Poem "Filling Station" In poetry many elements are used to bring life to a literary work. Some of these include style, structure, imagery, diction, and allusion. In Elizabeth Bishop's poem, Filling Station, the author uses them skillfully to create meaning in a story that otherwise would be banal. Her usage of expressive details supports the writing which helps the reader to imagine what the author is describing. Her style also appeals to the readers emotions and imagination to draw them into her harsh reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the elements that she uses to engage the reader is through the use of diction. In the first verse, the author opens by describing the setting as dirty. She further supports this in lines 3 - 5 by stating that the station is "oil-soaked", "oil-permeated", "over-all black translucency". These compound phrases gives the reader a clear image of the unpleasant environment that the author is portraying to the reader. In the second verse, the author introduces the father, a character who embodies his surrounding environment. Dressed in what the author describes as "a dirty, oil-soaked monkey suit" which does not even fit the character's stature, the reader can infer that the family is living under poor conditions. This is further confirmed when the author describes the son's appearance as "greasy" and "throughly dirty".   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the next verse, the author moves away from the disgusting scene of the gas station and uses vivid imagery...

The Different Motivational Theories

This model, namely expectancy theory, suggests that individuals, acting through self-interest, adopt courses of action perceived as maximizing the probability of desirable outcomes for themselves. This desire to maximize self-interest provides aspiring leaders with unique opportunities to assume leadership roles by simultaneously meeting both follower needs and organizational requirements. We intend to explicitly link expectancy theory and leadership concepts to demonstrate that leader interactions with followers permit the establishment of highly motivational working environments. In so doing, individuals acquire the means to transcend their traditional roles of supervisor, manager, or follower, and realize their potentials as leaders. In order to remain competitive at home or within the global market, we must stop relegating in our minds the functions of leadership to the office of the president or CEO of the organization. Instead, we must come to view the leadership role as part of every employee's job, at all levels of the organization. (Isaac, Zerbe & Pitt, 2001, p. 212) Since its origins in the 1960s Equity Theory held forth the promise of helping to explain how employees respond to situations in which they perceive they are being rewarded more or less favorably in comparison to a referent doing similar work. Shortly after its inception, Weick (1966) deemed it to be one of the most useful existing organizational behavior theories. Subsequent reviews concluded that the empirical evidence supporting Equity Theory was generally strong, especially with regards to how workers respond to under-reward situations. Equity Theory proposed that subjects respond to under-reward situations in various ways in an attempt to bring their equity ratio back into balance. For example, subjects may choose a behavioral response to help reduce their feelings of inequity. They may respond in such ways as reducing their inputs (i. e. , not put forth as much effort) or increasing their outcomes (i. e. , ask for a raise). Subjects may instead use a cognitive response to reduce feelings of inequity such as selecting another person to use as their referent. Ultimately the subject may choose to exit the situation by deciding to transfer or quit the organization. Allen & White, 2002) Although previous Equity Theory research has concluded that under-rewarded subjects generally respond in a manner that is consistent with classic Equity Theory, it is not easy to predict which option they will select to bring their equity ratio into balance. This lack of specificity regarding what responses individuals experiencing inequity are likely to have is a serious shortcoming of the original Equity Theory. As such, the original Equity Theory eventually fell out of favor due in part to this inability to predict exactly how individuals would respond to an under-reward situation (e. . , lower their inputs, attempt to raise their outcomes, cognitively justifying the situation, decide to leave the organization). This lack of predictive ability of Equity Theory makes it much less useful to practitioners such as managers and human resource professionals who would greatly benefit if they could accurately predict the reactions that their employees would have to different inequitable situations. Accordingly, research on the topic of Equity Theory moved off in another direction. Inspired by legal research, the procedural justice stream of research began to focus more on the processes and procedures of how pay and recognition are determined, rather than the reactions that individuals have to them. Equity Theory research became less popular and eventually withered away. (Allen & White, 2002) While changing organizational culture is not an easy process, it can be accomplished by emphasizing a commitment to the individual employee. Despite the literature's heavy emphasis on the private sector, many of the elements of Theory Z can be found in public organizations. This article describes one city's effort to change culture by emphasizing fair treatment of organizational members, employee involvement, two-way communication, employees' personal development and recognition and camaraderie. During the past decade, organizations in the American society have faced great uncertainty. The challenge of meeting the increasing competition of the Japanese and Western Europeans in the international marketplace, massive reordering of corporations through leveraged acquisitions and consolidations, and rapidly changing technology have impacted organizational life in the private sector. Public sector organizations have faced the effects of the new federalism, the Tax Reform Act of 1986, taxpayer revolts, and numerous other events and actions which have caused disruption. These demands on American organizations, especially those coming from foreign competition, have forced leaders to question their management abilities and their organizations' commitment to excel. As part of this introspection, an examination of the underlying values, beliefs, and attitudes of organizations has been undertaken, especially in the popular, non-academic literature (Watson & Burkhalter, 1992) Job Design for service employees has been categorized as a â€Å"production line† approach or an â€Å"empowerment† approach (Bowen & Lawler, 1992). The production line approach, as its name implies, is based on a Tayloristic view. It is based on four tenets — simple tasks, clear division of labor, substitution of equipment and systems for employees, and little decision-making discretion of employees. This design seeks to gain customer satisfaction through efficiency, consistency, and low costs. It is imperative with the production line job design that IT is installed as a part of that design so as to facilitate matching it to the service encounters anticipated. The number and nature of the options from which the employee chooses should then be limited to matching the constraints on their decision-making authority. Any access to additional information would not only be of no use; it would actually deter efficiency. For example, if all hamburgers are prepared to the same degree of doneness, giving a customer encounter person the option of asking a customer how he/she would like the meat cooked would slow down the process. In fast food, cash registers (which also communicate orders to the backroom) prompt order-takers through the decisions that are allowable. Thus, the more standardized the service the more easily circumscribed technologically it can be(5) because the reality of the encounter is simple and presumed to be more easily captured than encounters in which provided services are customized and the outcome of any one such encounter is variable. The more circumscribed technologically the service is, the more efficiently the service can be performed but the more dependent upon the circumscribing technology customer encounter service personnel become. Mechling & Little, 2000, p. 65) The Two-factor Theory, or Motivation and Hygiene Theory, purports to differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of the job. The authors referred to the intrinsic factors as content or motivators, and they include: achievement, advancement, the work itself, responsibility, and recognition. The extrinsic factors were referred to as hygiene has and included: company policy and administration, technical supervision, working conditions, salary, and interpersonal supervision. (Maidani, 1991) the applicability of Herzberg's Two-factor Theory of job Satisfaction among public and private sector employees. The study, therefore was designed to investigate the job content (motivators or intrinsic) and job context (hygiene or extrinsic) factors contributing to job satisfaction among those employees. Furthermore, the study attempted to determine whether using this instrument would yield the same results as those of Herzberg et al. (1959) using the critical incidents techniques. Hypothesis 1 was supported. Significant differences were found due to the fact that the satisfied group values motivator significantly more than the dissatisfied group. A t-value of 1. 98 indicated that a significant difference existed between the two groups. Hypothesis 2 was not supported. No significant differences were found between the satisfied and dissatisfied employees relating to value placed on hygiene factors. Hypothesis 3 was not supported as no significant differences were found between private and public sector employees on the value placed on motivator factors. (Maidani, 1991) The expectancy theory – formulated by Edward C Tolman in the 1930s – (whereby behavior rests on the instinctive tendency for individuals to balance the value of expected benefits against the expenditure of energy) falls into the same ‘stimulus-response' approach to motivation. It demonstrates that an individual's strength of motivation can be affected by the expectations of outcomes from certain actions and further strengthened by the individuals preferred outcome, as demonstrated by Victor H. Vroom in the 1960s. Individuals are consciously self-interested in the outcomes of their actions. For example, a worker may put in extra time and effort to a project and expect to be paid more money. That is his desired reward and what he expects. If he does not receive, what he expects his motivational level will fall dramatically. Elton Mayo, in the Hawthorne experiments concluded that individuals adjusted their motivational levels to fit in with the group. The individual values the approval and acceptance of others and will conform to the groups motivational standards in order to ‘fit in'. One important point about expectancy theory is that individual perceptions can be very different, and the motivation and behavior of individuals will vary considerably. It pays, therefore, in external stimuli to bear in mind that: 1. he routes to desired outcomes for individuals and teams are clear; and 2. individuals perceive the rewards or punishments in different ways according to their own values. There is a great need to treat people as individuals but as the 50:50 rule also indicates, other motivational factors should always be set in the context of the individual's managed environment. Leaders have a vital role to play in creating a motivational environment in which their team members can excel by in turn using the motivation within themselves. To be able to do this, we as leaders need to begin by looking at ourselves and getting our contribution right before we can criticize others. (Thomas, 2004, p. 61) Process models are based on the important insight that responses to (persuasive) messages do not only take the form of controlled, capacity-intensive cognitive processes, or only the form of simple automatic processes involving little working memory. Message processing may be dominated by either form, or it may blend the two, depending on our ability and motivation to think about the substance of a message. Affective processes appear to (a) influence levels of motivation and ability to process in a thoughtful manner, (b) guide the retrieval of information from memory, and (c) provide cues to simple responses (Babrow, 1993, p. 111) Dialectical perspectives on communication also embody multiple- process theory. Of course, dialectical analyses of one sort or another have been discussed for centuries (see Adler, 1952). As numerous dialectical thinkers have pointed out, however, several themes are consistent in these writings; these themes exemplify some of the most desirable potentialities of multiple- process theory. The most elemental theme in dialectical thinking is that of opposition; â€Å"dialectic either begins or ends with some sort of intellectual conflict, or develops and resolves around such oppositions† ( Adler, 1952 , p. 350). Dialectical opposites are â€Å"mutually conditioning† (the occurrence, existence, or meaning of one pole is conditioned by its opposite) and at the same time â€Å"mutually excluding† . For instance, sound presupposes but also excludes silence, and so too for amity and enmity, motion and stillness. (Babrow, 1993, p. 15) All of these theories thrive on the perception of the individual working to better themselves in some way. They differ in their methods, some look at how the individual will work for recognition, advancement, or just for encouragement. All of these methods are effective means of making individuals and groups work more efficiently. However, it is important to point out that each method does not work for the same situation. One must be able to differentiate between the theories in order to determine the best means.

Do Major Cities Reflect the Most Important Characteristics of a Society Essay

My opinion is that when analyzing the most important characteristics of a society, it is true that one must study its major cities; however focusing only in major cities would generate a biased result. They concentrate an important part of the population of a country and they can represent well the main characteristics of the urban life of a particular society, however they fail in reflecting the rural world, ethnic minorities and local languages. Major cities reflect the characteristics of the best-educated segments of the population, the ones with higher incomes and better job opportunities, on the other hand, small towns and rural communities may have totally different characteristics and probably will have lower quality education, lower income and worse jobs in terms of remuneration. One example is China, if one were to look at major cities like Shanghai, Hong Kong and Beijing and only focusing on those cities, the conclusions would be wrong. One would conclude that China is very industrialized, that its society organizes in crowded, modern and congested cities. The truth about China is that there are two realities, the urban China represented in major cities and the rural one, depicted in its small communities, both with contrasting characteristics. In short, looking at the major cities is extremely important to assess an important group of the society, however we should always keep in mind that a society is composed by different groups and realities and in order to understand it correctly we must look into a representative set of communities whether they are big or small.

Biography of Moses, Leader of the Abrahamic Religions

Biography of Moses, Leader of the Abrahamic Religions Moses, if he existed, likely lived in Egypt during the dynastic New Kingdom, and he was an early leader of the Hebrews and one of the most important figures in Judaism. He is a significant patriarch of all the Abrahamic religions, those who use the Torah, Christian Old Testament, or Quran as sacred texts. Fast Facts: Moses Known For: Patriarch of the Torah, Christian Old Testament, and QuranBorn: Land of Goshen, New Kingdom, EgyptParents: Yocheved and AmramDied: Mount Nebo, MoabSpouse(s): Adoniah or Tharbis, an Ethiopian princess; Tzipporah the MidianiteChildren: From Tzipporah, Gershom and Eliezer. Early Life If there was a historical man named Moses, he would most likely have been born in Egypt (the Land of Goshen) during the reign of Ramses II (ruled 1279–1213 BCE), the pharaoh of the New Kingdoms 19th dynasty. According to the Torah, Moses was the youngest of three children born to Yocheved (sometimes spelled Jochebed) and Avram. Yocheved was the daughter of Levi; she married Avram, a grandson of Levi, which means Yocheved was also Avrams aunt. Moses siblings were Aaron (the founder of the Hebraic priestly dynasty) and Miriam (an important prophetess). Pharaohs Curse Not much else is available on Avram or Yocheved in the Torah itself, but Midrashim records- ancient rabbinical commentaries on the Torah- say that Yocheved was 130 years old when Moses was born and that Avram divorced Yocheved while she was pregnant, so that their son Moses would escape the pharaohs decree. According to Exodus, the pharaoh of Egypt decreed that all Hebrew boy babies were to be drowned at birth. Yocheved hid her newborn son for 3 months and then placed her baby in a wicker basket in the Nile River reeds. The baby cried and was rescued by one of the pharaohs daughters, who kept the baby. This legend is similar to one in the Mesopotamian story of Gilgamesh, when the Sumerian king Sargon I was placed in a reed basket and floated down the Euphrates river. In the Court of the Pharaoh Moses sister, the prophetess Miriam, knew what would occur and was watching when the daughter of the pharaoh took the baby. Miriam came forward to ask the princess if she would like a Hebrew wet nurse for the infant. When the princess agreed, Miriam fetched Yocheved. Moses grew up in the palace as an adopted son of the pharaohs daughter (identified the Midrash as Queen Bithia), but he went to see his own people when he grew up, and as an adult he may have been a governor working for Ramses II. During Ramses IIs reign, Ethiopia was an Egyptian province with an Egyptian governor named Mesui, who some scholars suggest was Moses. While in Ethiopia, Moses married an Ethiopian princess named Tharbis or Adonais. When he witnessed an overseer beating a Hebrew, Moses struck the Egyptian and killed him, with the beaten Hebrew as a witness. The pharaoh learned that Moses was the murderer and ordered his execution. Moses fled to the land of Midian, where he married Tzipporah, daughter of Jethro. Their sons were Gershom and Eliezer. A Burning Bush In the land of Midian, Moses was tending a flock of sheep for his father-in-law when he saw a bush that was burning but not being consumed by the flames. He approached the bush and first an angel and then God (or more properly Yahweh) himself spoke to him, telling him that he must return to Egypt and shepherd the Israelites out to Canaan, their promised land of milk and honey. Moses was convinced when Yahweh changed his staff to a snake, then gave him a new staff with which to lead his people. Moses returned to Egypt to seek the release of the Hebrews and to bring them to Canaan, but when he approached the pharaoh, Ramses refused to release the Hebrews. In retaliation, Yahweh imposed a series of 10 plagues, the last being the killing the firstborn of every Egyptian. Only after suffering through the beginning of the tenth plague did the pharaoh relent, telling Moses he could take the Hebrews out of Egypt. However, after Moses and the Hebrews left, the pharaoh reversed his decision and had his men follow them. When they reached the Red Sea, Moses used his staff to part the waters and allow the Israelites to pass through the seabed. The Egyptian soldiers also entered the dry seabed, but once the Israelites had safely crossed Moses lifted his arms: the sea closed, and the Egyptian army was drowned. The Biblical Exodus During the 40-year journey of the Hebrews from Egypt to Canaan, Moses went to Mount Sinai to fast and commune with Yahweh for 40 days. There, he received the 10 Commandments from Yahweh. While Moses was gone, his followers including Aaron became nervous that he would not return and built a golden calf. Moses told Yahweh that his followers had begun to leave and Yahweh wanted to kill them, but Moses dissuaded him. But, when Moses saw the actual calf and altar he was so angry he hurled and shattered the two tablets holding the 10 Commandments; Moses made two more tablets and Yahweh inscribed them again. When the people complained they needed food in the desert, Yahweh fed the Israelites with manna, a substance white like coriander seed and tasted like wafers made with honey that rained down from the heavens, and quail. Death Near the end of the 40 years, Yahweh informed Moses that only the new generation of Israelites would enter Canaan, and for that reason, Moses would never see the Promised Land. Moses climbed Mt. Abarim and saw Canaan on the horizon, but that was as close as he would come. Moses chose Joshua as the successor, and, at the ripe old age of 120, Moses climbed Mt. Nebo and died. Who was Moses? Much of this tale is legendary and full of miracles, the stuff of ancient religion. But the role of Moses in the Bible, to Jews, Christians, and Moslems, is rich and complex beyond the miracles. He is seen by all three as the leader of the Israelite people who shepherded them out of Egypt. He is the embodiment of Mosaic law- the one who interceded with Yahweh on behalf of his people, and the one who acted as a judge on behalf of the sacred. He was a teacher and the founder of the cult and sanctuary of the ancient Hebraic religion. The last four books of the Torah- Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy- are primarily dedicated to the life and activities of Moses and his people. Exodus starts with the birth of Moses and Deuteronomy ends with his death and burial by Yahweh. Early interpretations of that circumstance suggested that Moses himself wrote the books of the Torah (or received them direct from Yahweh). Modern biblical scholars mostly agree that the five books were redacted from four independently written documents written long after Moses would have died. The Ptolemaic-era Egyptian historian Manetho mentions Moses- again, long after Mosess death. There are other late historical references in the writings of the Roman historians Josephus, Philo, Apion, Strabo, Tacitus, and Porphyry. His story is told in the Bible in the book of Exodus and the ancient commentaries on the biblical text known as the midrashim. As Musa, he is also is a significant prophet in the Quran. Biblical scholar J. Van Seters, said it best, The quest for the historical Moses is a futile exercise. He now belongs only to legend. Sources Feldman, Louis H. Josephus Portrait of Moses. The Jewish Quarterly Review 82.3/4 (1992): 285–328.Josephus Portrait of Moses: Part Two. The Jewish Quarterly Review 83.1/2 (1992): 7–50.Nigosian, S. A. Moses as They Saw Him. Vetus Testamentum 43.3 (1993): 339–50.Robinson, Marilynne. Moses. Salmagundi 121/122 (1999): 23-46.RÃ ¶mer, Thomas. Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity. The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 8.15 (2008): 1–12.Van Seters, John. Moses. The Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Eliade, Mircea. New York: Macmillan, 1987. 116.Wineman, Aryeh. Between Person and Metaphor: Moses in the Hasidic Homily-Literature. Hebrew Studies 59 (2018): 209–20.